Bonding: Bonds & Electronegativity

Types of Bonds:
        -There are three main types of bonds
           1)Ionic Bonds
                  - e- are tranferred from metal to nonmetal
           2) Covalent Bonds
                  -e- are shared between non-metals
           3) Metallic Bond 
                  - holds pure metals together by electrostatic attraction
Electronegativity:
        -Electronegativy is a measure of an atom's attraction for electrons in a bond.
            -Atoms with greater electronegativity attract e- more.
            -Polar covalent bonds form from an unequal sharing of e- while non polar covalent bonds form from equal sharing of e-.
Bonds:
        -The type of bond formed can be predicted by looking at the difference in electronegativity of the elements.
en > 1.7= ionic bonds
en<1.7= Polar covalent bonds
en=0= Non-polar covalent bonds
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R-zbdQxAhD4
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pLuXJQ_uHdE

-Candace Chan

Solution Stoichiometry

Solutions:

Solution are homogenous mixtures composed of a solute and a solvent.
     - Solute is the chemical present in lesser amount (whatever is dissolved)
     - Solvent is the chemical present in the greater amount.(whatever does the dissolving)
Chemicals dissolved in water are aqueous.
     -NaCl(aq)Molarity:

Molarity:

Concentration can be expressed in many different ways
    - Ex: g/L, mL/L, % by volume, % by mass, mol/L
The most common (in Chemistry 11&12) is mol/L(also can be M) which is also called Molarity.
    - mol/L= M
    -[HCl] = concentration of HCl

Examples:

What is the concentration of Copper(II) Chloride solution made from 0.50 mol of CuCl2 dissolved into 250 mL of water?

- Remember how to calculate Molarity. It's mol/L. You have moles and mL. Convert the mL to L by dividing by 1000 and divide the moles and litres together.

0.50 mol x   1      = 2.0 mol/L or 2.0 M
                 0.25L

A solution of Pb(NO3)2 has a concentration of 0.450 M. How many moles of solute are contained in 250 mL?

- To do this question, you must reverse the equation.

0.330 mol   x 0.250 L   = 0.0825 mol
            L            1

http://www.iun.edu/~cpanhd/C101webnotes/aqueoussolns/solstoic.html
http://www.chemcollective.org/stoich/solution_stoi.php
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uiEc5LcsGIg

-Candace

Energy and Percent Yield

• enthalpy is the energy stored in chemical bonds
• symbol of enthalpy is H
• units of Joules (J)
• change in enthalpy is  ΔH
• in exothermic reactions enthalpy decreases
• in endothermic reactions enthalpy increases

BY: KRYSTA DEL ROSARIO :)

Percent Yield

• the theoretical yield of a reaction is the amount of products that should be formed
• the actual amount depends on the experiment
• the percent yield is like a measure of success. (How close is the amount to the predicted amount?)
• Percent Yield= actual/theoretical x 100

If 47.7g of Urea are produced, determine the theoretical (predicted) yield of CO2.

What is the percent yield of CO2 if 12.0g is produced?

47.7 x 1mol/60g x 1/1 x 44g/1mol = 34.98 g

12/34.9.98 = 34%

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TKNxdL7DN1I

BY: KRYSTA DEL ROSARIO :) 

Limiting Reactants

• in chemical reactions, usually one one chemical gets used up before the other
• the chemical used up first is called the limiting reactant
• one it's used up the reaction stops
• limiting reactants determines the quantity of products formed
• to fine the limiting reactant assume one reactant is used up. Determine how much of this reactant is required

2.5 mol of CuSo4 reacts with 2.5 mol of NaNO3. Determine the L.R and calculate how many moles Na2SO4 are formed.

CuSO4+ 2NaNO3= Na2SO4+Cu(NO3)2

2.5mol (CuSO4) x 2/1 = 5.0 mol of NaNO3                    NaNO3 is L.R

2.5mol (NaNO3) x 1/2 = 1.25 mol Na2SO4

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LifU5WQJi-4&feature=fvst

BY: KRYSTA DEL ROSARIO :)

Other Conversions: Volume and Heat

As you did before, the conversion factor for volume is 22.4 L/mol
Heat can be used as a separate term in the chemical reactions
    -This is called enthalpy
    - Rxns that release heat are exothermic
    - Rxns that absorb heat are endothermic
Both can be use in stoichiometry

Examples:

If 5.0g of methane (CH4) decomposed, what volume of hydrogen would you have?

1) Balance your equation

CH4= C + 2H2

2) Start writing the equation out to find the volume of hydrogen

5.0g  x  1 mole    x  2   x    2g       = 0.31 g of hydrogen
                16 g         1       1 mol


http://www.chemteam.info/Stoichiometry/vol-vol-stoichiometry.html
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=84s2_zPQTUs

-Candace Chan

Stoichiometry Investigation

Today, we did the lab that needed to find the mass of the precipitate, which is stronium sulphate and copper (II0 nitrate. We separated the precipitate by filtering and drying it. Overall, we did well on the lab and it was a fun lab.

-Candace Chan :)