Alicyclics and Aromatics

Alicyclics:

Carbon chains can form two types of closed loops.
Alicyclics are loops usually made with single bonds.
   -If the parent chain is a loop standard naming rules apply with one addition, 'cyclo' is added in front of the parent chain.

There are 3 different ways to draw organic compounds.

Example:

Cyclohexane

Complete Structural Diagram


Condensed Structural Diagram

Line Diagram

Numbering can start anywhere and go clockwise or counter-clockwise on the loop but side chain numbers must be the lowest possible number.

Loops can also be a side chain.
Same rules apply but the side chain is given a cyclo-prefix.

Aromatics:

Benzene (C6H6) is a cyclic hydrocarbon with unique bonds between the carbon atoms.
Structurally, it can be drawn with alternating double bonds.
Careful analysis shows that all 6 C-C bonds are identical and represent a 1.5 bond.

  This is due to e- resonance.
                                                                   e- are free to move all around the ring.
Aromatic Nomenclature

A Benzene molecule is given a special diagram to show its unique bond structure.
Benzene can be a parent chain or a side chain.
     -As a side chain, it's given the name phenyl

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BulW2otK854&feature=fvwrel
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcUzxmCYFEE&feature=channel&list=UL

Alkenes & Alkynes (double and triple bonds)

Carbon can form double and triple bonds with other carbon atoms
When multiple bonds form fwer hydrogens are attached to the carbon atom.
Naming rules are almost the same as with alkanes.
      -The positive of the double/triple bonds always has the lowest number and is put in front of the parent chain. (base chain)
Double bonds (Alkenes) end in -ene.
Triple bonds (Alkynes) end in -yne.


Trans & Cis Butene:

If two adjacent carbons are bonded by a double bond AND have side chains on them, two possible compounds are possible.

  Trans 2 butene












 Cis 2 butene


http://www.launc.tased.edu.au/online/sciences/PhysSci/pschem/carbon/ch3ch3/ene_yne.htm
http://library.thinkquest.org/3659/orgchem/alkenes-alkynes.html

-Candace Chan

Organic Chemistry (Nomeclature)

Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds.
      -Carbon forms multiple covalent bonds
Carbon compoundscan form chains, ring, or branches
      - Organic compounds have more than 17,000,000
      - There are less than 100,000 non-organic compounds.
The simplest organic compounds are made of carbon and hydrogen.

Examples of organic compounds:



Saturated compounds have no double or triple bonds.
Compounds with only single bonds are called Alkanes and always end in -ane.
   * If you don't remember what the ending is, you can remember that Alkanes ends in -ane.

Nomenclature:

There are 3 categories of organic compounds
   1) Straight Chains

   2) Cyclic Chains

   3) Aromatics


For now, we'll just focus on straight chains.
Straight Chains:

Rules for naming straight chain compounds:

1) Circle the longest continuous chain and name this as the base chain
    - meth, eth, prop, ...
2) Number the base chain so side chains have the lowest possible numbers.
3) Name each side chain using the -yl ending
4) Give each side chain the appropriate number.
     - If there is more than one identical side chain numbers/labels are slightly different
5) List side chains in alphabetical order.

http://www.ausetute.com.au/namsanes.html

-Candace Chan

Acid/Base and pH Scale

Every liquid you see will probably have either acidic or basic traits. Distilled water is just water. The positive and negative ions in distilled water are in equal amounts and cancel each other out. Most water you drink has ions in it. Those ions in solution make something acidic or basic. In your body there are small compounds called amino acids. Those are acids. In fruits there is something called citric acid.

Scientists use the pH to measure how acidic and basic a liquid is. The scale goes from 0-14. Acids are found between a number very close to 0 and 7. Bases are from 7 to 14.

hydrochloric acid- HCl
nitric acid- HNO3
sulphuric acid- H2SO4
phosphoric acid- H3PO4
ammonia- NH3
acetic acid- CH3COOH

Naming Bases:

-Cation and OH
-NaOH- sodium hydroxide
-Ba(OH)- barium hydroxide
-Na2HCO3- baking soda

H-OH= HOH (water)




http://www.neok12.com/Acids-and-Bases.htm
http://www.neok12.com/php/watch.php?v=zX065b7a045c5f527766556b&t=Acids-and-Bases
http://www.neok12.com/php/watch.php?v=zX4577735f75460c7c0d4f73&t=Acids-and-Bases

BY KRYSTA DEL ROSARIO :)

Polar and Non-Polar Solvents Lab

The objective of the lab was to find out if Glycerine is Polar or Non-Polar.
We took 6 tests tubes and filled 3 of them 1/3 of water. And the other 3 test tubes with 1/3 of paint thinner and put all 6 of the test tubes on a test tube rack so it'd be easier to compare.

Then we take the first 3 test tubes with water, take the first test tube and add salt into it. And then take the second one and add sugar. And then take the last one and add iodine crystals. And you do the same for the last the test tubes but with the paint thinner.

In this photo, the test tubes in the back is how everything looked. In order, the tubes were water/salt, paint thinner/salt, water/sugar, paint thinner/sugar, water/iodine crystals, paint thinner/ iodine crystals. Except for the paint thinner/iodine crystals one, it is in the beaker because we played around with it after. The second, fourth, and fifth tubes have undissolved solvents in it.










Results for the water filled test tubes:
Once the salt, sugar and iodine crystals were in their test tubes we took a stopper and put it on top of the test tube and inverted each one, one by one to see what would happen. We saw that the salt and the sugar dissolve into the water. The test tube with the iodine crystals did not dissolve.

Results for the paint thinner filled test tubes:
Once the salt, sugar and iodine crystals were in their test tubes we took a stopper and put it on top of the test tube and inverted each one, one by one to see what would happen. We saw that the salt and sugar did not dissolve into the paint thinner but the iodine crystals did.

After everything, we figures out that the polar solvents dissolved into the polar substances (water/sugar, water/salt). And the non-polar solvents into the non-polar substances(paint thinner/iodine crystals).

Then once everything was done, we got a beaker and filled half of it with water and poured the paint thinner/iodine crystals into it. They did not mix because water is polar and the iodine crystals/paint thinner is non-polar. Thus, the non-polar substance was just floating on top of the water. If you pour salt (polar) through it, it will not dissolve until it gets to the water(polar). SOOO COOL. IT LOOKED LIKE A LAVA LAMP!!

THIS IS HOW IT LOOKED!! As you can see, there are iodine crystals at the bottom because they did not fully dissolve in the paint thinner and cannot dissolve in the water. LOOKSSS LIKE A LAVA LAMPPP!! Coolest thing I ever saw. Just sayin'.


BY: KRYSTA DEL ROSARIO :D

Intermolecular Bonds

Types of Bonds

• intramolecular bonds exist within a molecule
  -ionic, covalent
• intermolecular bonds exist between molecules
  - the stronger the inter- bonds the higher the BP or MP
  - two types of intermolercular bonds: Varder Waals bonds and Hydrogen Bonds

Van der Waals Bonds

• based on electron distribution
• two categories
• 1. Dipole-Dipole bonds
  - If a molecule is polar the positive end of one molecule will be attracted to the negative end of another molecule

London Dispersion Forces (LDF)

• LDF is present in all molecules
• creates weakest bonds
• if a substance is non-polar Dipole-Dipole forces don't exist
• Electrons are free to move around and will randomly be grouped on one side of the molecule
• This creates a temporary dipole and can cause a weak bond to form
• the more electrons in the molecule, the stronger the LDF can be

Hydrogen Bonding

• If H is bonded to certain elements (F, O, or N) the bond is highly polar
• This forms a very strong intermolecular mbond

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PwveQxLLqD0

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=90q7xl3ndJ8

BY KRYSTA DEL ROSARIO :)

Polar Molecules

Polar Molecules:

- Polar molecules have an overall charge separation.
       -Polar molecules are usually the ones that are unsymmetrical.
       -Non-polar are molecules are the ones that are symmetrical.
-Molecular dipoles only happened when there are unequal sharing of electrons in a molecule


Predicting Polarity:

-If the molecular are symmetrical, the pull of e- is usually balanced.
-There are two ways that molecules could be unsymmetrical:
      -Different atoms
      -Different numbers of atoms



http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ra3gJJmHlmw
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mtRgeBSe1o8

-Candace Chan

Ion Concentration

Dissociation
- Ionic compound are made up of two parts (metal+non-metal)
   -Cation: positively charged particle
   -Anion: negatively charged particle

• When ionic compounds are dissolved in water, the cation and anion separate from each other
• This process is called dissociation
• When writing dissociation equation the atoms and charges must balance

The dissociation of Sodium Chloride is:

NaCl(s)-----> Na+(aq)+Cl-(aq)

Fe(OH)2----> Fe^2+ 2OH-

Na3(PO4)2--> 3Na+ + PO4^-3

Fe3 (PO4)2---> 3Fe^-2 + 2PO4^-3

If the volume does not change then the concentration of individual ions depends on the balanced coefficients in the dissociation equation.

Determine the [Na+] and [PO4^-3] in a 1.5 M solution of Na3PO4

Na3Po4---> 3Na+ + PO4^-3

1.5M                          1.5M

1.5M x 3/1 (need/have) = 4.5 [Na+]

Lithium Sulphate:

Li2^+O4^-2 ----> 2Li+ + SO4

2.5M                    5M        2.5M

For Lithium, it is 2.5 M x (need/have) 2/1 = 5M

SO4, it is 2.5 M x (need/have) 1/1= 2.5M

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_vulYxwVFbA

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aZKIeFiOP34

BY KRYSTA DEL ROSARIO :D

Titration

A titration is an experimental technique used to determine the concentration of an unknown solution.

Terms and Equipment:

• Buret- contains the known solution used to measure how much is added
• Stopcock- valve used to control the flow of solution
• Pipet- used to accurately measure the volume of unknown solution
• Erlenmeyer flask- container for unknown solution
• Indicator- used to identify the end point of the titration
• Stock solution- known solution

In a titration, to find the volume used, you must subtract the Final Reading from the Initial Reading. If the volume used from one trial is way off from the others, you need to ignore that trial. 

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C3JWsvY2Zb4

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sFpFCPTDv2w

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WNIQnZOMyG8

BY KRYSTA DEL ROSARIO :D

Dilutions

• When two solutions are mixed the concentration changes
• Dilutions- the process of decreasing the concentration by adding a solvent (usually water)
• The amount of solute does not change
  n1=n2 (number of moles before= number of moles after)
• Because concentration is mol/L we can write C= n/V , n=CV, C1V1=C2V2

Determine the concentration when 100 mL of 0.1M HCl is diluted to a final volume of 400 mL

C1V1=C2V2

V1= 100 mL
C1= 0.10 M

V2= 400 mL

0.10 M X 100 mL= C1 X 400 mL

C1= 0.26 M

(100)(0.10)/400 = 0.025 M= C2

How much water must be added to 10.0 m: of 10.0 M Na2SO4 to give a solution with a concentration of 0.50 M? 

V1= 10 mL

C1=10.0 M

C2= 0.50 M

V2= 200 mL

(10.0)(10.0)/0.50= 200mL

ΔV= 200-10.0= 190 mL

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E7jyFd_BA60

BY KRYSTA DEL ROSARIO :)